From The Language Teacher Toolkit (2nd ed.): comprehensible input is the foundation; communication, multi-skill work, receptive-to-productive sequencing, selective grammar and vocabulary, mostly implicit learning, self-efficacy and intercultural understanding support it.
The ten (paraphrased)
- Comprehensible input. 2. Communication (structured interaction and output). 3. Multi-mode, listening- and speaking-heavy. 4. Receptive → productive. 5. Meaning with attention to form. 6. Selective grammar (learnability, readiness). 7. Vocabulary by frequency, relevance, assessment; include chunks. 8. Mostly implicit learning, explicit in support. 9. Self-efficacy. 10. Intercultural understanding.
Read critically (Claude)
Shaped by UK secondary MFL with low exposure; no citations in the post. Principles 1 and 8 lean Krashen; compare with Nation’s Four Strands, which gives equal time to language-focused learning.
Connections
Nation’s Four Strands - balance input, output, language focus and fluency · Nation’s eight principles of learning as a task checklist · Visible success drives motivation - and the intermediate plateau